UPSC QUIZ 03.11.2023

Explanation:

• Lewis Model has proved successful for China, India grapples with its implementation, encountering challenges in the transition from agriculture to industrialization.
• Also, as manufacturing trends towards higher capital intensity, India contemplates shifting to a 'farm-as-factory' labor model in response.

Lewis Model

• In 1954, economist William Arthur Lewis put forth the "Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labor”.
• For this work Lewis won Nobel Prize in Economics in 1979.
• The crux of the model suggested that surplus labor in agriculture could be redirected to the manufacturing sector by offering wages just high enough to attract workers away from the farm.
• This shift, in theory, would stimulate industrial growth, enhance productivity, and lead to economic development.

Explanation:

• Delhi High Court has questioned the association of marital status with eligibility for surrogacy under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act 2021.
• The petitioner challenged Section 2(1)(s) of the Surrogacy Act, which limits the right to avail surrogacy to Indian widows or female divorcees between the ages of 35 and 45.
• The petitioner's plea also challenges the regulation that compels a single woman (widow or divorcee) to utilize her own eggs for surrogacy.
• Due to her age, using her own gametes is medically inadvisable, and she seeks a donor for female gametes.

Explanation:

• Latest report titled Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2023 by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has shed light on the implicit taxation of Indian farmers in 2022.According to a report Indian farmers were taxed USD 169 billion in 2022.

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

• The OECD is an intergovernmental economic organization, founded to stimulate economic progress and world trade.
• Most OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index (HDI) and are regarded as developed countries.
• It was founded in 1961 with its Headquarters at Paris, France and total membership is 38 countries.
• The most recent countries to join the OECD were Colombia, in April 2020, and Costa Rica, in May 2021.
• India is not a member, but a key economic partner.

Explanation:

• Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has published a Report titled- ‘Road Accidents in India-2022', shedding light on the concerning trends in road accidents and fatalities.
• The report is based on the data/information received from police departments of States/UTs on calendar year basis in standardized formats as provided by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) under the Asia Pacific Road Accident Data (APRAD) base project.
• APRAD is a software tool developed specifically for the UNESCAP and its member countries to help member countries in the Asia-Pacific region develop, update, maintain, and manage road accident databases.

Explanation:

• 28 countries signed the world's first agreement to prevent risks associated with artificial intelligence.
• On November 1 and 2, the two-day 'AI Safety Summit 2023' was held at the World War II Code-Breaking Center in Bletchley Park, United Kingdom.
• On 1 November, the world's first agreement on artificial intelligence (AI) safety was signed by India, along with 27 other countries and the European Union in the meeting.
• The agreement pledges to work together to assess the risks associated with artificial intelligence.
• The agreement will be known as the Bletchley Declaration, the UK government said in a statement.
• British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak said the declaration is a historic achievement that sees the world's biggest AI powers agree on the urgency of understanding the risks of the technology.
• This will help ensure the long-term future of our upcming generations.