‘Interconnected Disaster Risk Report 2023’ has been prepared by the United Nations University- Institute for Environment and Human Security.
Findings of the Interconnected Disaster Risks Report 2023
- The UN Interconnected Disaster Risks Report is an annual science-based report released by the United Nations University- Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), (first published in 2021).
- The report analyses several concrete examples of disasters each year and explains how they are inter- connected with each other and with human actions.
- The report illustrates how seemingly stable systems can gradually deteriorate until a critical threshold is crossed, resulting in catastrophic consequences.
- It introduces the concept of “risk tipping points,” moments when socio ecological systems can no longer buffer risks and face a heightened risk of catastrophic impacts.
- The United Nations University (UNU) is the academic arm of the United Nations and acts as a global think tank. The mission of the Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) is to carry out cutting edge research on risks and adaptation related to environmental hazards and global change. The institute is based in Bonn, Germany.
Tipping Points
The report highlights that the world is approaching six environmental tipping points –
Groundwater Depletion
- Groundwater stored in aquifers is vital for over 2 billion people, with 70% used for agriculture.
- However, 21 of the world’s major aquifers are depleting faster than they can recharge.
- Aquifer water often took thousands of years to accumulate and is essentially non-renewable.
- Over-extraction has occurred in some areas, like Saudi Arabia, depleting over 80% of its aquifer. This forces reliance on imported crops, posing challenges for food security.
- Certain areas within the Indo-Gangetic basin in India have already crossed the critical threshold of groundwater depletion, and the entire northwestern region is expected to face severely limited groundwater availability by 2025.
Accelerating Species Extinctions
- Human activities like land use changes, overexploitation, and climate change have accelerated species extinction.
- Current extinction rates due to human influence are hundreds of times higher than normal.
- Extinction can trigger a chain reaction, causing the collapse of ecosystems.
Mountain Glacier Melting
- Glaciers are vital water sources, but they are melting at double the rate due to global warming.
- Between 2000 and 2019, glaciers lost 267 gigatons of ice per year. We are projected to lose around 50% of glaciers by 2100, even with limited warming.
- 90,000+ glaciers of the Himalayas, Karakoram and Hindu Kush mountains are at risk, and so are the nearly 870 million people that rely on them.
Space Debris
- Satellites are crucial for weather monitoring, communication, and safety, but the growing number of satellites in space is causing a space debris problem.
- Only 25% of objects in orbit are active satellites; the rest are non-functional debris.
- There are about 130 million smaller, untrackable debris pieces.
- These objects move at high speeds and pose a collision risk to operational satellites, creating a hazardous orbital environment.
Unbearable Heat
- Climate change is causing more deadly heat waves. High temperatures and humidity make it hard for the body to cool down.
- When the “wet-bulb temperature” exceeds 35°C for over six hours, it can lead to organ failure and brain damage. This has already occurred in places like Jacobabad, Pakistan.
- Also, during a 2023 heatwave in India, wet-bulb temperatures went above 34°C.
- It is expected to affect over 70% of the global population by 2100.
Uninsurable Future
- Frequent severe weather is causing a sevenfold increase in damages since the 1970s, with USD 313 billion in losses in 2022.
- Insurance costs are rising due to climate change, making coverage unaffordable for many.
- Some insurers are leaving high-risk areas, leading to regions being labeled “uninsurable.”
- For example, in Australia, about 520,940 homes may become uninsurable by 2030 due to increased flood risk.